Unknown
Spawning in gravel nests
Some populations migrate in response to environmental cues
Spawns in offshore waters
Some individuals may migrate
Internal fertilization
Some populations migrate upstream for spawning
Spawning in gravel beds
Long-distance and seasonal migrations
Mating occurs through internal fertilization
Non-migratory
Egg-laying
Live-bearer
Greeneyes have a sedentary lifestyle and do not undertake long-distance migrations.
During spawning, Greeneyes gather in large groups and release their eggs and sperm into the water column.
Some species migrate to deeper waters during winter
Protogynous hermaphrodites (some species)
Some species undertake vertical migrations
Depends on the species
Some individuals migrate long distances
Mating occurs in late spring and summer
Grouper do not typically exhibit long-distance migrations. However, they may move within their habitat in search of food or during the reproductive season.
During the mating season, male groupers will court females by swimming in circles around them and making booming sounds. The male will then release sperm onto the eggs as the female releases them.
Annual migrations to spawning beaches
Spawning on sandy beaches
Varies depending on species
Grunt Sculpins do not migrate. They stay in their preferred rocky habitats throughout their lives.
During the mating season, male Grunt Sculpins build nests in crevices or under rocks. Females deposit their eggs in the nests, and the males guard and aerate the eggs until they hatch.
No specific migration pattern
Spawning occurs in groups during the reproductive season
Nest builders
Some species of guitarfish undertake seasonal migrations, moving to deeper waters during the colder months and returning to coastal areas during the warmer months.
During mating, male guitarfish will often bite the pectoral fins of the female to hold her in place. This behavior is known as 'scooting'.
